The olive, which is mentioned more than 50 times in the Bible, was a major part of Israel’s agriculture in ancient times and continues to be so today.
The olive tree is used in Scripture as a symbol for fruitfulness, prosperity, and beauty.
“like a green olive tree in the house of God” (Ps. 52:8)
“thy children like olive plants round about thy table” (Ps. 128:3)
“fair, and of goodly fruit” (Jer. 11:16)
“His branches shall spread, and his beauty shall be as the olive tree” (Ho. 14:65)
The Hebrew words for olive tree are “zayith” (De. 6:11) and “shemen” (1 Ki. 6:31), both of which refer the tree’s oil.
The olive tree is native to Syria and Canaan, where growing conditions are often ideal. It can flourish in rocky ground with little topsoil. It likes cool winters (a mean temperature of 45-47 degrees F being ideal) and hot summers. Without a proper winter chilling, the olive doesn’t flower. “The terraced hills of Palestine, where the earth lies never many inches above the limestone rocks, the long rainless summer of unbroken sunshine, and the heavy dews of the autumn afford conditions which are extraordinarily favorable to at least the indigenous olive” (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia).
As for beauty, the olive tree does not have the striking natural beauty of a fir or cedar or maple or many other types of trees. On my first visits to Turkey and the Middle East, I was disappointed at the olive’s scraggly appearance. My first impression was to agree with Louis Figuier, “The olive is of a sober grayish green aspect and without beauty, having a rugged stunted aspect” (Vegetable World). But I have found that the olive tree has its own beauty and fascination for the careful observer.
There is beauty in the olive’s very asymmetry: its twists and turns, its protuberances and knots. Like God’s people, each olive tree is a perfectly unique individual. As Charles Spurgeon observed,
“You must look and look again! And then, if you do not at last feel a deep respect for the olive, and a quiet delight in its beauty, it must be because you are not of a thoughtful spirit, or else because you have little poetry in your soul. The more familiar you become with the olive tree, the more you will take pleasure in it” (“The Beauty of the Olive Tree,” Dec. 16, 1909).
There is beauty in the grayish, silverish green color of the olive leaves (being more silvery on the underside). It has a unique light-reflecting quality.
God colored most vegetation green to rest man’s eyes, but there are myriad shades of green for variety and delight.
There is beauty in the olive tree’s flowering. In about May, it is covered with clusters of small, star-shaped white flowers.
When they first appear, the olives are green and gradually turn black as they ripen.
The olive tree’s chief beauty lies in its fruitfulness. In the parable in Judges 9, the olive tree says, “Should I leave my fatness, wherewith by me they honour God and man…? (Jg. 9:9). The fatness refers to the tree’s oil and to all other aspects of its valuable products.
One olive tree produces an average of about 50 kilos (110 pounds) of fruit annually. That is about 1,250 olives, though they vary greatly in size.
Large olive trees that haven’t been pruned can reach 40 to 50 feet high and can produce 800 kilos annually.
But for commercial purposes, the trees are pruned to facilitate harvesting from the ground.
The olive can continue to bear fruit for 3,000 years and more. There is a 3,000-year-old tree in Crete that still bears fruit.
The Greek poet Homer called olive oil “liquid oil.”
The olive is used for food, cooking oil, medicine, soap, fuel (pomace), and cosmetics. In ancient times. the olive oil was used in lamps. Olive oil was used extensively in the Levitical worship system. It was used to light the candlestick (Ex. 25:6), anoint the priests (Ex. 29:7), anoint the offerings (Le. 8:26), mingle with the offerings (Ex. 29:1-2), cleanse lepers (Le. 14:10).
The olive tree’s wood is also valuable. It is hard and has interesting patterns. It was used in Solomon’s temple for the carvings of the cherubim (1Ki. 6:23), the posts (1 Ki. 6:33), and the doors to the oracle (1 KI. 6:31).
To gather the ripe olives, the tree is beaten with rods, and the law of Moses required that some fruit be left for the poor (De. 24:20).
There were already great groves of olives in Canaan when Israel entered (De. 6:10-11; 8:7-8; Jos. 24:13).
King David had groves of olives in the plains (1 Ch. 27:28).
Great numbers of olive trees have been planted in Israel since the 20th century. Today, the focus is on planting in the Negev desert.
It was on the Mount of Olives that Jesus prayed before His arrest (John 8:1). This mount is still covered with many olive trees today.
We saw ancient olive trees in the traditional Garden of Gethsemane that have been dated to about 900 years according to an extensive scientific study completed in 2012. Olive trees are difficult to date because they make new trunks out of the same roots.
“Outside in the garden itself, the massive, gnarled trunks produce new shoots, although the trees themselves are ancient. Olive trees have no rings, so it’s tough to determine their age. However, several olive trees in the Garden of Gethsemane date to about 900 years ago according to a recent three-year study by the National Research Council. The age of these trees coincide with the time the Crusaders came to Jerusalem. However, the roots of the modern trees go back much further–and may represent the offshoots of the trees from the first century. It’s fairly certain that none of the trees standing today ever beheld Jesus in prayer that fateful night” (“Sites and Insights: Hanging Gardens of Gethsemane,” The Jerusalem Post, Nov. 4, 2012).
The olive trees that existed in Jesus’ time were cut down by the Roman Tenth Legion during the siege of Jerusalem in AD 70. Josephus said that every tree within 10 furlongs (12 miles) of the city was cut down to build siege ramps and engines of war.